Abstract
Spittlebugs cause large production losses that affect agribusiness worldwide. Understanding plant-herbivore interactions at the molecular level may be the key to developing resistant cultivars. After a nymph survival experiment, root transcriptomes were assembled from two Paspalum regnellii genotypes (BGP 248 and 344) with different first-line defense strategies, with no infestation and at two times after the initial attack of the spittlebug (Mahanarva spectabilis) nymph, thus integrating differential expression analysis and biological network modeling supplemented by root anatomical analysis. Gene Ontology terms related to different stress responses, such as salicylic acid catabolic process, were enriched in BGP 248, while some specific to spittlebugs, such as response to herbivores, were enriched in BGP 344. Enriched pathways were related to structural differences between genotypes, such as those related to cutin, suberin, and wax biosynthesis. BGP 344 also presented pathways related to induced defense, such as glutathione metabolism. Metabolic networks highlighted kinases, and coexpression networks demonstrated a complex cascade response that included lncRNAs. This study provides the first molecular insights into the defense mechanisms of P. regnellii against M. spectabilis. The genotype with the fastest response to insect attack and highest nymph mortality (BGP 344) presented kinases and an enriched glutathione pathway, in addition to constitutive barriers, such as lignin, which can make it difficult for the insect to colonize the plant.
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Data Availability
The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra, reference number PRJNA999588.
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Funding
We thank the “Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior” (CAPES) and the Programa de “Excelência Acadêmica” (PROEX) for the ISB master’s scholarship (#88887.600436/2021-00). We thank Embrapa (Grant #20.18.01.014.00.00) and Unipasto (Association for Fostering Research on Forage Improvement) for funding and support. We thank “Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo” (FAPESP) for scholarships of AHA PhD scholarship (#2019/03232-6) and RCUF PD fellowship (#2018/19219-6) and “Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico” (CNPq) for APS research grant (#312777/2018) and DSG scholarship (#140174/2021-4).
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MRG, WMJ, FPM, and BBZV conceived the study. ISB, DSG, MRG, WMJ, and BBZV obtained the data. ISB, AHA, and RCUF analyzed the transcriptome and network data; ISB and WMJ analyzed the RT‒qPCR results, and DSG and SMC-G analyzed the anatomy. MRG, BBZV, and APS acquired funding and oversaw the work. ISB led the writing of the manuscript, and all authors contributed to the writing. All authors revised the work critically and approved the submitted version.
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Begnami, I.d.S., Aono, A.H., Graciano, D.d.S. et al. Elucidating Molecular Responses to Spittlebug Attack in Paspalum regnellii. Plant Mol Biol Rep 43, 307–323 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11105-024-01487-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11105-024-01487-w